This class was a wonderful experience. The modules that I would like to explicitly highlight are Modules 3.3, Module 6.4, and Module 11.5
Module 3.3
Environmental Justice is such an important issue, especially for public health professionals. Environmental Justice acknowledges the importance of health equity. Environmental justice addresses that environmental policies don't exclude or segregate any individuals, regardless of race, income, etc. Because my MPH concentration is in policy, this specific module was incredibly informative. Specifically, environmental justice addresses a population's social determinants of health. As a result, these unequal social determinants of health may result in the unequal implementation and enforcement of environmental laws within a given community.
Module 6.4
The industrial farming module was a highlight for my learning experience in this class. Specifically the documentary "Dirt! The Movie" was incredibly impactful in my environmental consciousness. It is important to take care of our soil for a healthy and sustainable biosphere. the section on the industrial farms of this module shows how the business of mass food production prioritizes profit at the expense of the environment.
Module 11.5
This lecture opened my eyes to the meaning of a Zero Waste Lifestyle. For me, I have been making "baby steps" to eliminating all disposable waste. I have eliminated disposable plastics and k-cups from my lifestyle. Pre-packaged foods are hard to eliminate. I still have not had success making my own personal toiletries. I have attempted to make shampoo, but I extremely disliked the smell. This module taught me the importance of creativity of addressing environmental health issues at an individual, health behaviors, level.
I really enjoyed the small group blogging experience. It was really interesting to read my colleague's blogs throughout the semester. The only critique I have for this class is that we were unable to meet everyone in this class. Fortunately, I have had classes with Judy and Nica previously, so I am familiar with their wonderful work and their insightful perspectives on public health. Maybe monthly zoom sessions would be nice to network and communicate with other classmates as well.
Tuesday, December 4, 2018
Monday, December 3, 2018
Module 14.4 Think about it - Website Exploration
Using the Resilience Through Learning website (https://www.usuhs.edu/ncdmph-learn/KnowledgeLearning/2013-05Oklahoma.htm), I wanted to learn about the natural disaster of Tornadoes. Tornadoes are the most common natural disaster in my hometown of Lubbock, Texas.
Per year, approximately 1,200 tornadoes hit the U.S. Tornadoes primarily affect the central U.S. in the region known as Tornado Alley. The National Center for Disaster Medicine & Public Health (NCDMPH) provides many resources that helps individuals prepare and ready themselves for a natural disaster. A fantastic resource, I found one from this website is the extensive summary written by the Center of Disease Control (CDC). In the CDC website, they list excellent resources for what to do before, during, and after a tornado.
Below is a very handy infographic that cover the basics of how to stay prepared for a tornado.
CDC Infographic
A very important fact sheet I found on the NCDMPH website for public health professionals and healthcare providers refers to the importance of psychological first aid. For me, some major takeaways from this factsheet on what NOT to do are:
Don't
Per year, approximately 1,200 tornadoes hit the U.S. Tornadoes primarily affect the central U.S. in the region known as Tornado Alley. The National Center for Disaster Medicine & Public Health (NCDMPH) provides many resources that helps individuals prepare and ready themselves for a natural disaster. A fantastic resource, I found one from this website is the extensive summary written by the Center of Disease Control (CDC). In the CDC website, they list excellent resources for what to do before, during, and after a tornado.
Below is a very handy infographic that cover the basics of how to stay prepared for a tornado.
CDC Infographic
A very important fact sheet I found on the NCDMPH website for public health professionals and healthcare providers refers to the importance of psychological first aid. For me, some major takeaways from this factsheet on what NOT to do are:
Don't
- Force people to share stories with you
- Give simple reassurances like "everything will be OK" or "at least you survived"
- Tell people what you think they should be feeling thinking or doing now
- Make promises that may not be kept
- Criticize existing services or relief activities
In Lubbock, TX there are no such state services like for disaster healthcare volunteers. The closest thing would be volunteering for one of the local hospitals or non-profit, the most prominent related to public health is the Red Cross.
Sources:
https://www.usuhs.edu/ncdmph-learn/KnowledgeLearning/2013-05Oklahoma.htm
https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/tornadoes/index.html#injuries
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CTC_psychological_first_aid.pdf
Sources:
https://www.usuhs.edu/ncdmph-learn/KnowledgeLearning/2013-05Oklahoma.htm
https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/tornadoes/index.html#injuries
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CTC_psychological_first_aid.pdf
Tuesday, November 13, 2018
Module 12.9 Climate Change
The most frustrating part about climate change are the climate change deniers. This population turn a blind eye to science, or call global warming "fake." The indifference and denial of this population are frustrating. This population is adamant in their denial despite the overwhelming evidence countering their point. As a global population many sources, (Solomona, Plattnerb, Knuttic, and Friedlingsteind (2008); United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015)) site that climate change and carbon emissions are reaching irreversible levels. The immediacy of this action combined with a significant proportion of the global population who is unwilling to take action is a recipe for disaster.
In my opinion, the most immediate need for change in policy is related to carbon emissions. On the individual level, we can achieve this by not supporting industrial farming (specifically eating locally and organic) and driving less.
If I were to describe global warming, to a family member who did not know what climate change is, I would describe it as the unnatural warming of our atmosphere due to many different factors. The major factors being the mass farming of animals for food and the release of carbon from cars and factories. These two industries are responsible for sending chemicals into the air that disrupt our atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is trapped in the atmosphere and traps additional heat. I would inform my family member that this warming results in the earth's natural systems being disturbed, (known as planetary destabilization). This will result in increased storm activities, changes in agriculture, increase drought, and increased sea levels. I would stress the importance and the immediacy of this problem.
In my opinion, the most immediate need for change in policy is related to carbon emissions. On the individual level, we can achieve this by not supporting industrial farming (specifically eating locally and organic) and driving less.
If I were to describe global warming, to a family member who did not know what climate change is, I would describe it as the unnatural warming of our atmosphere due to many different factors. The major factors being the mass farming of animals for food and the release of carbon from cars and factories. These two industries are responsible for sending chemicals into the air that disrupt our atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is trapped in the atmosphere and traps additional heat. I would inform my family member that this warming results in the earth's natural systems being disturbed, (known as planetary destabilization). This will result in increased storm activities, changes in agriculture, increase drought, and increased sea levels. I would stress the importance and the immediacy of this problem.
Tuesday, November 6, 2018
Module 11.5 Zero Waste Life
A Zero Waste Lifestyle is one where an individual limits as much as possible the amount of waste in one's day. This module was extremely informative about the problems associated with the mass disposal of waste. The "low hanging fruit" for most of the American Population, this translates to no disposable plastics and no plastic containers. To take it a step further, an individual can compost or even make their own products. I have already eliminated disposable plastics like plastic straws or disposable cups, but I need to take it a step further. After examining my trash, a majority of my waste comes from pre-packaged food items and bio-degradable items. I think this hardest part about eliminating pre-packaged foods are the meat items that I buy. I mainly buy organic and responsibly raised meat, but this is still packaged in some sort of plastic film. One substitute is to specifically go to an environmentally friendly butcher, and I bet it would taste amazing! One thing I find the most challenging is making my own personal toiletries. That is something I am definitely looking into. To start, here are a couple links showing how to make shampoo:
Tuesday, October 30, 2018
Module 10.8 Asbestosis
Asbestosis (White Lung) is a lung disease resulting from the inhalation of asbestos fibers in the air. Asbestos is commonly used as insulation material for buildings. Therefore, occupations most associated with insulation, like contractors, are most at risk. Inhaled asbestos fibers and dust can get trapped in the lung which leads to damage and scarring within the lungs. The World Federation of Public Health Associations, the International Commission on Occupational Health, and the International Trade Union Confederation wanted a global ban on mining and use of asbestos products. They cite that more than 40 industrialized countries have banned asbestos and the most efficient way to eliminate asbestos-related diseases is through the elimination of the product from the market. In the United States, asbestos-containing products that are banned under the Toxic Substances Control Act are: corrugated paper, rollboard, commercial paper, specialty paper, and flooring felt. Banned Asbestos-containing uses are asbestos pipe insulation and asbestos block insulation on faulty components, such as boilers and hot water tanks; and spray-applied surfacing asbestos-containing materials. Unfortunately, there are still many asbestos-containing products that are not banned. Below is a list of said products:
Fortunately, in 2018, the EPA proposed a significant new use rule, that would prohibit these uses and products. The EPA is to ensure that the manufacture, import, or processing for the currently unregulated new uses of abestos identified in the rule are prohibited unless reviewed and approved by the EPA. It is great to hear that the use of Asbestos is currently being evaluated for today's use.
Module 10.5 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
National Insitute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is a research agency focused on the study of worker safety and health, and empowering employers and workers to create safe and healthy workplaces. This organization is a part of the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It's vision is to have "Safer, Healthier Workers" and it's mission is to "develop new knowledge in the field of occupational safety and health and to transfer that knowledge into practice.
Specifically, I am blogging on the NIOSH program, Health Hazards Evaluations (HHEs). This program is to help employers and employees recognize and control health hazards in their workplace. The goals of this program is to provide authoritative assistance in evaluating new and recurring workplace health hazards and to raise awareness of recurring workplace health hazards and preventive measures based on health hazard evaluation findings. One great aspect of this program is that it offers occupational medicine residents an opportunity to engage in public health practice through a rotation program. This program allows Occupational medicine residents to have experience in various phases of worksite evaluations.
Specifically, I am blogging on the NIOSH program, Health Hazards Evaluations (HHEs). This program is to help employers and employees recognize and control health hazards in their workplace. The goals of this program is to provide authoritative assistance in evaluating new and recurring workplace health hazards and to raise awareness of recurring workplace health hazards and preventive measures based on health hazard evaluation findings. One great aspect of this program is that it offers occupational medicine residents an opportunity to engage in public health practice through a rotation program. This program allows Occupational medicine residents to have experience in various phases of worksite evaluations.
Module 10.2 MSDS and TOXNET of Hydrochloric Acid
In my old job as a Laboratory analyst , I was consistently in contact with Hydrochloric Acid. We used HCl for tests as well as acid washes of the shared glassware used around the laboratory.
Below is a Material Safety Data Sheet for Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924285
The major health risks with HCl acid is that it is very hazardous in case of skin contact, eye contact, and ingestion. Particularly for skin contact, it is a corrosive, irritant, and permeator. It is slightly hazardous in case of inhalation. HCl is a classified 3 carcinogen (not classifiable for humans). It's mutagenic and teratogenic effects are also not available in the MSDS. Some PPE or special precautions that need to be taken are to wear goggles and gloves to reduce skin contact. When handling HCl, it is important to work behind a laboratory splash shield for prevention. When I was handling this chemical, I received training/education on the handling of acids and bases, as well as the risks. The training video strongly emphasized the dangers of skin contact with HCl. There were no discrepancies when comparing the MSDS to the ToxNet database.
The MSDS was an adequate tool for a worker to use to gain an understanding of the potential health risks and protection associated with HCl. The MSDS clearly and explicitly states the First Aid Measures. One thing I will critique is that the mutagenic effects, teratogenic effects, and developmental toxicity are unavailable.
Below is a Material Safety Data Sheet for Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924285
The major health risks with HCl acid is that it is very hazardous in case of skin contact, eye contact, and ingestion. Particularly for skin contact, it is a corrosive, irritant, and permeator. It is slightly hazardous in case of inhalation. HCl is a classified 3 carcinogen (not classifiable for humans). It's mutagenic and teratogenic effects are also not available in the MSDS. Some PPE or special precautions that need to be taken are to wear goggles and gloves to reduce skin contact. When handling HCl, it is important to work behind a laboratory splash shield for prevention. When I was handling this chemical, I received training/education on the handling of acids and bases, as well as the risks. The training video strongly emphasized the dangers of skin contact with HCl. There were no discrepancies when comparing the MSDS to the ToxNet database.
The MSDS was an adequate tool for a worker to use to gain an understanding of the potential health risks and protection associated with HCl. The MSDS clearly and explicitly states the First Aid Measures. One thing I will critique is that the mutagenic effects, teratogenic effects, and developmental toxicity are unavailable.
Module 10.1 Occupational Health and Safety
It is important to bring the importance of occupational health and safety to light from a public health perspective. The most surprising statistic from the lecture video is that every 15 seconds a worker dies from a worker-related injury or illness, or 2.3 million people per year. The most common physical hazards are tripping, slipping, falling; ergonomic problems; heat and cold; fires and explosions; abrasions, cuts, punctures, and lacerations; amputations and motor vehicle accidents. As well, as these physical hazards, there are also chemical, biological, and radiological workplace exposures varying on the location of work. These exposures can be pathogenic exposures for healthcare facility workers and laboratory scientists to radiation in nuclear power plant workers or mineworkers. One of the most famous work-related illnesses is black lung disease, which results to the over exposure of coal dust.
A very resourceful takeaway from the lecture video is the "Hierarchy of Controls" as seen below:
This diagram is straight-forward and explicitly states the most effective way to limit health hazards to workers.
Three exposure terminologies those in occupational health and safety need to familiarize themselves with are:
The most striking example of OSHA standards given in the video is the bloodborne pathogens example.
A bloodborne pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease and is present in human blood. The most common diseases are Hepatitis B and HIV. In all cases of bloodborne pathogens, OSHA creates a standard by first determining risk for exposure, implements an exposure reduction plan (that involves universal precautions, engineering controls, and PPE), and training/education
A very resourceful takeaway from the lecture video is the "Hierarchy of Controls" as seen below:
This diagram is straight-forward and explicitly states the most effective way to limit health hazards to workers.
Three exposure terminologies those in occupational health and safety need to familiarize themselves with are:
- permissible exposure limit - the legal limit set by OSHA for a chemical exposure or noise level
- Time-weighted average - average exposure over the course of a normal 8-hour day
- Threshold limit value - the amount of an exposure that a worker can be exposed to day after day without harm
The most striking example of OSHA standards given in the video is the bloodborne pathogens example.
A bloodborne pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease and is present in human blood. The most common diseases are Hepatitis B and HIV. In all cases of bloodborne pathogens, OSHA creates a standard by first determining risk for exposure, implements an exposure reduction plan (that involves universal precautions, engineering controls, and PPE), and training/education
Tuesday, October 23, 2018
Module 9.4 Heavy Metals
Lead Poisoning by Herbert Needleman
Lead poisoning is a serious issue that the United States has taken many precautions in through policy and regulations. Needleman (2004) highlights the background of Lead and its toxic effects. The early history of lead colic was interesting for me. From the use of it's "sweet flavor" in wines sounds very dangerous in retrospect. This study primarily focuses on lead poisoning and toxicity in children, infant, and prenatal individuals. The toxicology of lead is due to its metallic properties such as being a divalent cation. This characteristic allows Lead to bind strongly to sulfhydryl proteins that are most prominent in the central nervous system. As a result, early lead exposure in children, infants, and prenatal individuals may cause symptoms such as encephalopathy, stupor, and convulsions. Needleman also points out that elevated lead levels were associated with reading disabilities, school failure, fine motor functions and lower class standings in high school.
Prevention was an intense focus in the 1970s. This lead to the EPA taking a hard stance on the removal from lead in gasoline, houses, and paint. This method has been extremely effective in it health as well as the economy. Needleman quoted in the study that the "benefit range for the 1998 cohort [due IQ-related increase in income and the estimated economic benefit] was between $110 billion and $319 billion.
An environmental health response to a severe outbreak of childhood lead poisoning in Nigeria
The environmental health response to the outbreak of lead poisoning in Nigeria is tragic to read about. Greater than 400 deaths in children less than 5 years old can be attributed to severe soil contamination from artisanal gold ore processing in residential areas. This health crisis was tragic and took a global effort to mediate. International agencies involved were the Joint United Nations Environment Program/Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Environment Unit and non-government organizations. The environmental and health response was to remove contaminated materials and to assist the local government to employ villagers to remediate homes with available equipment and materials. Children were also given chelation treatment.
Lead poisoning is a serious issue that the United States has taken many precautions in through policy and regulations. Needleman (2004) highlights the background of Lead and its toxic effects. The early history of lead colic was interesting for me. From the use of it's "sweet flavor" in wines sounds very dangerous in retrospect. This study primarily focuses on lead poisoning and toxicity in children, infant, and prenatal individuals. The toxicology of lead is due to its metallic properties such as being a divalent cation. This characteristic allows Lead to bind strongly to sulfhydryl proteins that are most prominent in the central nervous system. As a result, early lead exposure in children, infants, and prenatal individuals may cause symptoms such as encephalopathy, stupor, and convulsions. Needleman also points out that elevated lead levels were associated with reading disabilities, school failure, fine motor functions and lower class standings in high school.
Prevention was an intense focus in the 1970s. This lead to the EPA taking a hard stance on the removal from lead in gasoline, houses, and paint. This method has been extremely effective in it health as well as the economy. Needleman quoted in the study that the "benefit range for the 1998 cohort [due IQ-related increase in income and the estimated economic benefit] was between $110 billion and $319 billion.
An environmental health response to a severe outbreak of childhood lead poisoning in Nigeria
The environmental health response to the outbreak of lead poisoning in Nigeria is tragic to read about. Greater than 400 deaths in children less than 5 years old can be attributed to severe soil contamination from artisanal gold ore processing in residential areas. This health crisis was tragic and took a global effort to mediate. International agencies involved were the Joint United Nations Environment Program/Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Environment Unit and non-government organizations. The environmental and health response was to remove contaminated materials and to assist the local government to employ villagers to remediate homes with available equipment and materials. Children were also given chelation treatment.
Module 9.3 Green Chemistry
Green chemistry is an important facet of environmental health that involves the process of reducing or eliminating the use of hazardous substances from a chemistry point of view or lens. I have not heard of many examples of green chemistry, but after doing some research I have found many inspiring examples of applied green chemistry. One example that I found extremely interesting is the pharmaceutical company Marck developing a less toxic treatment for type 2 diabetes that uses green synthesis in the production of Sitaglipin. This green process reduces waste, improves yield and safety through the elimination of a specific metal catalyst. My thoughts on the Green Chemistry 12 principles are that they are incredibly environmentally conscious and thoughtful for health and environmental safety. I think it these principles are idealistic and needs to be encouraged in all pharmaceutical and biochemistry industries.
Module 9.2 The Six Classes
The Six Classes approach is a program of the Green Science Policy Institute that "focuses on reducing the entire of chemicals of concern, rather than phasing out problematic chemicals one at a time."
In this blog, I will comment and address the Six Classes of chemicals that the Green Science Policy Institute state that is of high concern. These classes are:
Highly Fluorinated Chemicals
Antimicrobials
Flame Retardants
Bisphenols and Phthalates
Some Solvents
Certain Metals
Highly Fluorinated Chemicals
These chemicals are commonly used for their non-stick and waterproof qualities due to their hydrophobicity. A surprising 98% of Americans have traces of fluorinated compounds in their systems. These chemicals are used in carpets, cleaners, clothing, cookware, cosmetics, food packaging, furnishings, outdoor apparel, paints, papers, protective coatings and sealants, and firefighting foams. The most common chemical is C8 or PFOA, and is linked to kidney and testicular cancer, elevated cholesterol, decreased fertility, and thyroid problems and decreased immune response to vaccines in children. Fluorinated chemicals also do not break down naturally in the environment. They are difficult to degrade and rid of.
With the advice from the Green Science Policy Institute, we can phase out highly fluorinated chemicals by staying away from textiles and carpeting, purchase cast iron, glass, or ceramic cookware rather than Teflon and avoid personal care products with "perfluor-" "polyfuor-", and "PTFE" on the label.
Antimicrobials
As I've discussed in previous blogs, antimicrobials are added to products to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. These are often unnecessary and kill microbes that are beneficial to the human systems. They are found in numerous of objects such as cleaning/personal care products, clothing and linens, and building materials an furnishings. One of the most famous antimicrobials is Triclosan. Triclosan is a toxic chemical associated with hormone disruption. Because of their high-volume use, antimicrobials is causing widespread contamination in the environment and wildlife. The FDA and other studies show that there is no perceived health benefit of antimicrobials in consumer products.
With the advice from the Green Science Policy Institute, we can phase out antimicrobials by avoiding products that are advertised as "antimicrobial", "antibacterial", or "anti-odor"
Flame Retardants
Flame retardants are organohalogen and organophosphate chemicals, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated tris (TDCPP). These chemicals are found in furniture, building materials, wire and cables, electronics in order to slow ignition and prevent fires. Some flame retardants can enter our system through inhalation and is associated with lowered IQ and hyperactivity in children as well as cancer and hormone disruption in adults. Some environmental concerns with flame retardants are that they are unnatural pollutants that can bioaccumulate up our food chains. To phase out flame retardants, we must invest in preventing ignitions with other fire-safe products, look for the label "TB117-2013" that indicates the item does not use flame retardants and avoid polyurethane foam in carpets.
Bisphenols and Phthalates
Bisphenols and phthalates that are commonly found in the process that makes plastics stronger and/or more flexible. Bisphenols are present in polycarbonate plastic products (water bottles, food storage containers and packaging) and Phthalates are found in polyvinyl chlorides (PVC) products such as toys, plastic wrap, adhesive, and food packaging. These products are hormone inhibitors and disrupt hormone and other body systems. The health concerns with bisphenols and phthalates are asthma, neurodevelopmental problem, and behavioral development problems. We are exposed to these toxic chemicals through indigestion and contact with food, water, and dust. We are also susceptible to skin absorption as well. There has been a worldwide overabundance of plastic products in our environment. It is an incredible issue that is disrupting our ecosystem in all aspects.
In order to phase out bisphenols and phthalates, we must phase out the use of certain plastics. Plastics should be labeld with "BPA-free" and avoid plastic products marked with recycle codes 3 or 7.
Some Solvents
The major solvents of concerns are aromatic hydrocarbon solvents and halogenated organic solvents. These solvents are found in oil-based paints, paint strippers, adhesives, cosmetics, markers, aerosols, nail polish remover, and household cleaners. Some major health concerns can be temporary such as dizziness and headaches, while some long -term exposure is associated with cancer risk. We are often exposed through inhalation or skin contact. People who work with gasoline and paints are at greatest risk of exposure. Major environmental concerns are the spills or releases to air, soil and water. Chlorinated solvents are slow to break down in the soil and thus contaminating our ecosystems.
Some ways we can phase out these materials are used to water-based paints, opt for OUT of dry cleaning, and use eco-labeled cleaning products.
Certain Metals
Metals that are dangerous for our health are mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Mecury is found from coal-burning plants and can be taken up by and concentrated in fish in the ecosystem. Arsenic can be found in foods, like rice, that are from contaminated waters and soils. Cadmium is found in cigarette smoke, metal costume jewelry and rechargable batteries. Lead exposure can be caused from paints and homes build before 1978. These metals can cause a variety of health concerns such as brain development, behavioral problems, and cancer risk. The largest environmental concerns are that these metals cannot be broken down and accumulate in our ecosystems.
In this blog, I will comment and address the Six Classes of chemicals that the Green Science Policy Institute state that is of high concern. These classes are:
Highly Fluorinated Chemicals
Antimicrobials
Flame Retardants
Bisphenols and Phthalates
Some Solvents
Certain Metals
Highly Fluorinated Chemicals
These chemicals are commonly used for their non-stick and waterproof qualities due to their hydrophobicity. A surprising 98% of Americans have traces of fluorinated compounds in their systems. These chemicals are used in carpets, cleaners, clothing, cookware, cosmetics, food packaging, furnishings, outdoor apparel, paints, papers, protective coatings and sealants, and firefighting foams. The most common chemical is C8 or PFOA, and is linked to kidney and testicular cancer, elevated cholesterol, decreased fertility, and thyroid problems and decreased immune response to vaccines in children. Fluorinated chemicals also do not break down naturally in the environment. They are difficult to degrade and rid of.
With the advice from the Green Science Policy Institute, we can phase out highly fluorinated chemicals by staying away from textiles and carpeting, purchase cast iron, glass, or ceramic cookware rather than Teflon and avoid personal care products with "perfluor-" "polyfuor-", and "PTFE" on the label.
Antimicrobials
As I've discussed in previous blogs, antimicrobials are added to products to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. These are often unnecessary and kill microbes that are beneficial to the human systems. They are found in numerous of objects such as cleaning/personal care products, clothing and linens, and building materials an furnishings. One of the most famous antimicrobials is Triclosan. Triclosan is a toxic chemical associated with hormone disruption. Because of their high-volume use, antimicrobials is causing widespread contamination in the environment and wildlife. The FDA and other studies show that there is no perceived health benefit of antimicrobials in consumer products.
With the advice from the Green Science Policy Institute, we can phase out antimicrobials by avoiding products that are advertised as "antimicrobial", "antibacterial", or "anti-odor"
Flame Retardants
Flame retardants are organohalogen and organophosphate chemicals, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated tris (TDCPP). These chemicals are found in furniture, building materials, wire and cables, electronics in order to slow ignition and prevent fires. Some flame retardants can enter our system through inhalation and is associated with lowered IQ and hyperactivity in children as well as cancer and hormone disruption in adults. Some environmental concerns with flame retardants are that they are unnatural pollutants that can bioaccumulate up our food chains. To phase out flame retardants, we must invest in preventing ignitions with other fire-safe products, look for the label "TB117-2013" that indicates the item does not use flame retardants and avoid polyurethane foam in carpets.
Bisphenols and Phthalates
Bisphenols and phthalates that are commonly found in the process that makes plastics stronger and/or more flexible. Bisphenols are present in polycarbonate plastic products (water bottles, food storage containers and packaging) and Phthalates are found in polyvinyl chlorides (PVC) products such as toys, plastic wrap, adhesive, and food packaging. These products are hormone inhibitors and disrupt hormone and other body systems. The health concerns with bisphenols and phthalates are asthma, neurodevelopmental problem, and behavioral development problems. We are exposed to these toxic chemicals through indigestion and contact with food, water, and dust. We are also susceptible to skin absorption as well. There has been a worldwide overabundance of plastic products in our environment. It is an incredible issue that is disrupting our ecosystem in all aspects.
In order to phase out bisphenols and phthalates, we must phase out the use of certain plastics. Plastics should be labeld with "BPA-free" and avoid plastic products marked with recycle codes 3 or 7.
Some Solvents
The major solvents of concerns are aromatic hydrocarbon solvents and halogenated organic solvents. These solvents are found in oil-based paints, paint strippers, adhesives, cosmetics, markers, aerosols, nail polish remover, and household cleaners. Some major health concerns can be temporary such as dizziness and headaches, while some long -term exposure is associated with cancer risk. We are often exposed through inhalation or skin contact. People who work with gasoline and paints are at greatest risk of exposure. Major environmental concerns are the spills or releases to air, soil and water. Chlorinated solvents are slow to break down in the soil and thus contaminating our ecosystems.
Some ways we can phase out these materials are used to water-based paints, opt for OUT of dry cleaning, and use eco-labeled cleaning products.
Certain Metals
Metals that are dangerous for our health are mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Mecury is found from coal-burning plants and can be taken up by and concentrated in fish in the ecosystem. Arsenic can be found in foods, like rice, that are from contaminated waters and soils. Cadmium is found in cigarette smoke, metal costume jewelry and rechargable batteries. Lead exposure can be caused from paints and homes build before 1978. These metals can cause a variety of health concerns such as brain development, behavioral problems, and cancer risk. The largest environmental concerns are that these metals cannot be broken down and accumulate in our ecosystems.
Tuesday, October 16, 2018
Module 8.5 Ideal Chemical Policy
For me, an IDEAL chemical policy must encompass a lot of factors that are similarly addressed in the Louisville Charter. An ideal chemical policy must first be preventative and must not be reactionary. It is imperative to be able to scientifically predict and be proactive in finding chemical hazards. As I mentioned in other blogs, transparency is another key issue that I believe is integral. With regards to being proactive, it is important to acknowledge highly toxic chemicals and set into policy stricter evaluations and regulations for suppliers. Transparency gives the consumer trust in their purchases as well as confidence in the knowledge of what they are buying. Transparency is also important when organizations have broken previous chemical policies. Often, these huge for-profit organizations have the adequate capital to sweep violations out of the public eye. It is important to hold organizations accountable for the environmentally hazardous products they may sell.
Module 8.4 Chemical Policy Reform
Give the Public and Workers the Full Right-to-Know and Participate
The Louisville Charter discusses the importance of involving the public and workers in decisions on chemicals. For me, the most important of this highlight of the Louisville Charter is the disclosure of chemicals and harmful materials to the public.
The Louisville Charter allows references a paper by Paul Orum (2005) titled "Give the Public and Workers the Full Right-to-Know and Participate. Orum discusses the importance of immediate disclosure of environmental health hazards. Orum (2005) defines the, "Right to Know" as the "routine, systematic, mandatory, public reporting of toxic chemicals or other environmental hazards, rather than access to government documents through the Freedom of Information Act." The underlying importance behind the "Right-to-Know" is an increase in transparency. It is important for the public to engage in meaningful discussion with anyone whom they may choose. Most importantly this information has to be easily accessible to the public. Websites that we have been using like, toxnet or what's on my food?, are integral in bridging this information gap between consumers and suppliers.
The Louisville Charter discusses the importance of involving the public and workers in decisions on chemicals. For me, the most important of this highlight of the Louisville Charter is the disclosure of chemicals and harmful materials to the public.
The Louisville Charter allows references a paper by Paul Orum (2005) titled "Give the Public and Workers the Full Right-to-Know and Participate. Orum discusses the importance of immediate disclosure of environmental health hazards. Orum (2005) defines the, "Right to Know" as the "routine, systematic, mandatory, public reporting of toxic chemicals or other environmental hazards, rather than access to government documents through the Freedom of Information Act." The underlying importance behind the "Right-to-Know" is an increase in transparency. It is important for the public to engage in meaningful discussion with anyone whom they may choose. Most importantly this information has to be easily accessible to the public. Websites that we have been using like, toxnet or what's on my food?, are integral in bridging this information gap between consumers and suppliers.
Module 8.3 What's on my food?
Tonight, I had a Filipino dish called Pork Adobo. Essentially, it is a pork stew that is marinated with vinegar, soy sauce, and garlic. It's seasoning includes bay leaves and peppercorn as well. This dish is usually served with a plate of white rice.
I used the http://www.whatsonmyfood.org/banner.jsp to figure out what pesticide residues may be found in my food. Specifically, I will be analyzing the pesticide residues in pork and rice.
The website www.whatsonmyfood.org found 3 pesticide residues found by the USDA Pesticide Data Program. Thes pesticides are carbaryl, piperonyl butoxide, and 1-naphthol. Fortunately, these pesticides are found in less than three percent of pork samples. The Human Health effects of these pesticide residues are known or probable carcinogens, suspected hormone disruptors, neurotoxicity, and developmental or reproductive toxicity. There are associated environmental effects are that some of these pesticides are honeybee toxins
For rice, there are 15 pesticide residues found by the USDA Pesticide Data Program. These pesticides are piperonyl butoxide, MGK-264, Malathion, Permethrin Total, Propiconazole, DDDp, Allethrin, resmethrin, carbendazim, endosulfan sulfate, carbaryl, fludioxonil, endosulfan II, imidacloprid, and propanil. The known human health effects of these pesticides are that these pesticides are known or probable carcinogens, suspected hormone disruptors, neurotoxins, and developmental or reproductive toxins. Also, 6 of these pesticides are honeybee toxins.
Fortunately, none of these pesticide residues is abundant in the food I listed. The most prevalent pesticide residue is piperonyl butoxide and it is found in 16.2% of rice samples. However, I am still wary and anxious about possible pesticides in my produce and food. This reflection has encouraged me to be wary and find sustainable and healthy alternatives to shopping like a farmers market or such. In terms of public health, it should be imperative for food organizations to be transparent with what pesticides they are using in their products.
Fortunately, none of these pesticide residues is abundant in the food I listed. The most prevalent pesticide residue is piperonyl butoxide and it is found in 16.2% of rice samples. However, I am still wary and anxious about possible pesticides in my produce and food. This reflection has encouraged me to be wary and find sustainable and healthy alternatives to shopping like a farmers market or such. In terms of public health, it should be imperative for food organizations to be transparent with what pesticides they are using in their products.
Tuesday, October 9, 2018
Module 7.8 Topic of Interest - Global Warming
In particular, my topic of interest for my literature review is with regards to climate change. Global warming and climate change will take a worldwide effort to mediate the apparent danger to the world. In this blog, I am discussing relevant agencies (international, national, and state) implicated in addressing this topic. I believe this to be one of the most pressing environmental issues and most immediate issue we must address.
On an international level, one of the major players in addressing climate change is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This secretariat is tasked with developing the plan and framework to address climate change. Most recently, the Paris Agreement in 2015 was the most landmark agreement to combat climate change.
In the United States, there are many federal entities responsible in this fight against climate change. The United States Global Change Research Program was established in 1989 to assist the nation in understanding, assessing, predicting, and responding to human-induced global change. The thirteen agencies involved with this program are the Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Department of Health & Human Services, Department of the Interior, Department of State, Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics & Space Administration, National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, and U.S. Agency for International Development.
Reference:
https://unfccc.int/
https://www.globalchange.gov/agencies
On an international level, one of the major players in addressing climate change is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This secretariat is tasked with developing the plan and framework to address climate change. Most recently, the Paris Agreement in 2015 was the most landmark agreement to combat climate change.
In the United States, there are many federal entities responsible in this fight against climate change. The United States Global Change Research Program was established in 1989 to assist the nation in understanding, assessing, predicting, and responding to human-induced global change. The thirteen agencies involved with this program are the Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Department of Health & Human Services, Department of the Interior, Department of State, Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics & Space Administration, National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, and U.S. Agency for International Development.
Reference:
https://unfccc.int/
https://www.globalchange.gov/agencies
Module 7.7 Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
For this module, I am analyzing the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The ATSDR is based in Atlanta, Georgia and is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The role of the ATSDR includes public health assessments of waste sites, health consultations concerning specific hazardous substances, health surveillance, and registries, response to emergency releases of hazardous materials, applied research in support of public health assessments, information development and dissemination, and education and training concerning hazardous substances.
The ATSDR is directed by a congressional mandate. Originally, Congress created this agency to implement the health-related sections of laws that protect the public from hazardous wastes and environmental spills. Particular tasks directed under the ATSDR include removal and clean-up of Superfund sites. Now the agency oversees and is responsible for the functions listed in the first paragraph. Key guides and policies available to the public are the "Cancer Policy Framework", "Environmental Data Needed for Public Health Assessments", "Guidance Manual for ATSDR Public Health Assessments", and "Toxicological Profile Information."
The public health importance of the ATSDR is integral in ensuring the health of the nation against hazardous substances in the environment. They have had congressional testimony on recent activities such as hydraulic fracking, and health issues associated with contaminated drywall.
Reference:
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
Module 7.4 Local Environmental Services
The Placer County Health and Human Services website is easily accessible and user-friendly. One can use this well-organized site to quickly find what services are available to the public. The services available to the community are organized in the following categories: Adult Services, Community Resources, Animal Services, Child and Youth, Human Services, Public Health, Environmental Health, Tahoe Services, and Behavioral Health Managed Care. The website also lists the department leadership to increase transparency of the Placer County Local government.
After browsing the website, I learned about the many services that Placer County provides. The site is extremely comprehensive, and I cannot think of any services that a public health system should ensure that is not already listed. One particular resource that I found extremely interesting that is not an environmental issue is a resource for "Senior Peer Counseling."
With regards to Environmental Health Services, Placer County lists common services such as food safety, the California Environmental Reporting System, and Community events. In particular, a service that I found interesting is the "Building a New Home" resource. Placer County has seen an increase in the number of homes being built, I can see this resource being extensively used by the public. It lists the "County Building Services Division" and "County Planning Services Division" to assist home builders. It also includes Drinking Water suppliers as well as the Environmental Engineering and Utilities for disposal of wastewater and sewage.
Reference: https://www.placer.ca.gov/departments/hhs
Tuesday, October 2, 2018
Module 6.7 Obesogens
"Obesogen" refers to the genetic factors and compounds that may result in a predisposition to obesity in individuals. To combat obesity, it is essential to develop a healthy eating plan and exercise regularly.
Other beneficial resources are:
Placergrown.org is a wonderful resource for farmers markets in Placer County. Here is a list of items that are "in season":
Arugula, Beets, Blueberries, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Carrots, Cherries, Collard Greens, Cucumbers, Eggs, Garlic, Herbs, Honey, Kale, Kohlrabi, Leeks, Lemons, Lettuce, Mizuna, Onions, Pea Shoots, Potatoes, Spinach, Sprouts, Strawberries, Sugar Snap Peas, Summer Squash, Sunflower Shoots, Swiss Chard, Turnips, Watercress, Wheatgrass, Zucchini Squash
Other beneficial resources are:
www.sustainabletable.org/shop/eatseasonal
www.foodroutes.org/localfood
www.localharvest.org
Below is a harvest calendar for northern California:
]
It is a public health imperative to encourage healthy eating and lifestyles as well as supporting our local community to serve sustainably grown food. It would be imperative to motivate hospitals to invest and purchase seasonal and locally grown foods to the populations it serves. It doesn't make sense and seems hypocritic as health professionals to nourish the sick community with unhealthy food. The first article titled, "Seasonal Foods: A New Menu for Public Health" encompasses ways we can encourage healthcare facilities to serve local and season foods to promote healthy eating choices.
"Obesogen" refers to the "dietary, pharmaceutical, and industrial compounds that may alter metabolic processes and predispose some people to gain weight" (Holtcamp 2012). To combat obesity, it is crucial to develop a healthy eating plan and exercise regularly. I have heard of Obesogens in my undergraduate genetics class. I distinctly remember my professor using Obesogens as an example for epigenetics, the study of how the environment affects an individual's genes. Obesogens are important factors to consider when discussing policy or system changes in an environment. Holtcamp (2012) discusses the importance of Obesogens and its environmental link to Obesity. This article was insightful in providing research studies to support exposure to obesogen can have on biological processes.
I chose to do some light research on the Obesogen, monosodium glutamate (MSG) that is present in many of our foods. I know of Monosodium Glutamate as the chemical comparison to the term "Umami." Umami is the term to describe the sensation as "savory." MSG is added to foods to create this "artificial" flavor of salty and savoring.
Below is the Toxicity Summary of MSG by toxnet.nlm:
In my research, some studies found that the rate of weight gain in experimental animals was greater in MSG present animals compared to controls (Yu; Zhao; Shi; Ma; Yu; 1997). However, a different study suggested that long-term ingestion of MSG did not induce obesity or insulin resistance in a two-generation study of mice (Nakamura; Kawamata; Kuwahara; Smriga; Sakai; 2013). More research will be needed and administered to discuss the effects on MSG on the human population.
Module 6.6 Use of Antibiotics
One analogy I like using to describe the use of antibiotics and disease is that of an "arms race." This race is between Humans and Disease in which one is trying to outcompete the other. Through natural processes, diseases and infections are programmed to survive and result in sickness within our bodies. As a response, scientists develop antibiotics and countermeasures to these diseases. The diseases then evolve and develop immunities to certain countermeasures, and the cycle continues.
The articles by Dallas (2012) and the Food and Water Watch (2015) outline the importance of antibiotics in the food we eat. Dallas (2012) outlines that populations may be at risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) due to the presence of livestock. This superbug is caused by the overuse of antibiotics in livestock and as a result, may be present in the food we eat. It is not difficult to find antibiotic resistant bacteria in livestock in Industrial farms due to the sheer quantity of livestock and product produced. "The FDA reported in 2011 that 80 percent of antibiotics in the United States are sold for agricultural purposes" The dangerous and real aspect of antibiotic resist bacteria is that it can spread from animals-to-humans via food, farms or contact with contaminated waste.
The articles by Dunn (2011) and Schettler (2016) discuss this antibiotic/disease arms race in the other settings. The article by Dunn (2011) discuss that antibiotic, antimicrobial, wipes and soaps are "no more likely than good old-fashioned soap to prevent gastrointestinal or respiratory illness." The use of triclosan, the common antibiotic compound, has shown no effect on the bacteria cells and may actually increase the presence of triclosan-resistant bacteria. The report by the Schettler (2016) discuss the presence of specific antimicrobial furnishings in a hospital setting. Hospitals are investing in furnishings that have antimicrobial properties and reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections. Schettler discusses that these furnishings have rarely been evaluated in clinical studies for their effectiveness in reducing healthcare-associated infections. He recommends further research and inquiries into the growing use of products containing such antimicrobials at the risk of developing resistant strains and the true efficacy of such products in preventing infections.
Reference:
Dallas, M. (2012). Nearby Livestock May Raise 'Superbug' Risk. MedicineNet.com. Retrieved from: https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=163935
Dunn, R. (2011). Scientist Discover that Antimicrobial Wipes and Soaps May Be Making You (and Society) Sick. Scientific American. Retrieved from: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/scientists-discover-that-antimicrobial-wipes-and-soaps-may-be-making-you-and-society-sick/
Food and Water Watch. (2015) Antibiotic Resistance 101. Food and Water Watch. Retrieved from: https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/antibiotic-resistance-101
Schettler, T. (2016). Antimicrobials in Hospital Furnishings: Do They Help Reduce Healthcare-ASsociated Infections?. Health Care Without Harm. Retrieved from: https://noharm-uscanada.org/sites/default/files/documents-files/3854/Antimicrobials%20Report%202016_1.pdf
The articles by Dallas (2012) and the Food and Water Watch (2015) outline the importance of antibiotics in the food we eat. Dallas (2012) outlines that populations may be at risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) due to the presence of livestock. This superbug is caused by the overuse of antibiotics in livestock and as a result, may be present in the food we eat. It is not difficult to find antibiotic resistant bacteria in livestock in Industrial farms due to the sheer quantity of livestock and product produced. "The FDA reported in 2011 that 80 percent of antibiotics in the United States are sold for agricultural purposes" The dangerous and real aspect of antibiotic resist bacteria is that it can spread from animals-to-humans via food, farms or contact with contaminated waste.
The articles by Dunn (2011) and Schettler (2016) discuss this antibiotic/disease arms race in the other settings. The article by Dunn (2011) discuss that antibiotic, antimicrobial, wipes and soaps are "no more likely than good old-fashioned soap to prevent gastrointestinal or respiratory illness." The use of triclosan, the common antibiotic compound, has shown no effect on the bacteria cells and may actually increase the presence of triclosan-resistant bacteria. The report by the Schettler (2016) discuss the presence of specific antimicrobial furnishings in a hospital setting. Hospitals are investing in furnishings that have antimicrobial properties and reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections. Schettler discusses that these furnishings have rarely been evaluated in clinical studies for their effectiveness in reducing healthcare-associated infections. He recommends further research and inquiries into the growing use of products containing such antimicrobials at the risk of developing resistant strains and the true efficacy of such products in preventing infections.
Reference:
Dallas, M. (2012). Nearby Livestock May Raise 'Superbug' Risk. MedicineNet.com. Retrieved from: https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=163935
Dunn, R. (2011). Scientist Discover that Antimicrobial Wipes and Soaps May Be Making You (and Society) Sick. Scientific American. Retrieved from: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/scientists-discover-that-antimicrobial-wipes-and-soaps-may-be-making-you-and-society-sick/
Food and Water Watch. (2015) Antibiotic Resistance 101. Food and Water Watch. Retrieved from: https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/antibiotic-resistance-101
Schettler, T. (2016). Antimicrobials in Hospital Furnishings: Do They Help Reduce Healthcare-ASsociated Infections?. Health Care Without Harm. Retrieved from: https://noharm-uscanada.org/sites/default/files/documents-files/3854/Antimicrobials%20Report%202016_1.pdf
Module 6.4 Industrial Farming - Save The Bees
The dramatic and foreboding extinction of bees has been an important environmental issue discussed in the past years. The article by "S.C" in the Teatro Naturale encompasses the global impact and destruction due to the extinction of bees. It is common knowledge that pollination due to bees is important to the food we eat. As stated in the article, "Pollinators play a key role in roughly 35% of global food production and are directly responsible for up to 40% of the world's supply of micronutrients such as vitamin A and folate..." The correlation between bees and vitamin A is new knowledge to me. The article explicitly states the alarming statistic that the extinction of bees will lead to "1.42 million additional deaths" due to vitamin A and folate deficiencies. While we acknowledge this problem, it is important to take additional steps to "save the bees." To save the bees, we must be cautious of the pesticides, fungicides or herbicides we use on our plants. Also, I advocate the purchase of local honey. Local honey supports your local beekeeper and, in my opinion, tastes so much better.
The documentary "Dirt! The Movie" advocates the importance and necessity of dirt. I personally like how in this documentary, how individuals anthropomorphize "Dirt" as the "Skin of the earth." This dramatization is critical in getting common people to continue and increase the care of dirt. Dirt is important for food and agriculture. It is integral for our community to take care of the topsoil and "dirt" in order to create a healthy and sustainable biosphere. One thing, I strongly agree of that was mentioned in the movie is the theme of increasing knowledge in our youth through "greening" urban areas. This includes smart planting, encouraging the creation of parks, and teaching our youth the importance of "dirt" in our communities.
The documentary "Dirt! The Movie" advocates the importance and necessity of dirt. I personally like how in this documentary, how individuals anthropomorphize "Dirt" as the "Skin of the earth." This dramatization is critical in getting common people to continue and increase the care of dirt. Dirt is important for food and agriculture. It is integral for our community to take care of the topsoil and "dirt" in order to create a healthy and sustainable biosphere. One thing, I strongly agree of that was mentioned in the movie is the theme of increasing knowledge in our youth through "greening" urban areas. This includes smart planting, encouraging the creation of parks, and teaching our youth the importance of "dirt" in our communities.
Industrial Farms or factory farms are large operations that prioritize profit and efficiency at the expense of the environment. The informative documentary, Food Inc, enlightened me on the malpractice of animals in large-scale plants. This specific documentary was accompanied by disgusting footage of what takes place within the plants. This section of the module shows the negative effects of when business and profit intersect with our environment. As of 2012, there are only Dairy related factory farms located in Placer County CA. I was not aware that this factory farm existed. Most importantly, the facts related to California, in particular, were surprising and caught my attention.
I do not compost. I used to have a colleague who would compost in addition to having her own vegetable garden. Composting is essential to keep our soil healthy because it is literally the most natural process of breaking up organic matter. Composting is the circle of life. The decomposition of natural waste is carried out by natural microorganisms, insects, fungi, etc. to return nutrients back into the soil to make for healthier dirt.
Tuesday, September 25, 2018
Module 5.7 My Sewage Facilities
There are two wastewater treatment facilities in Roseville, CA. One of which is designated as a regional facility that purifies water for residences and businesses in west Placer. The City of Roseville's Wastewater Utility is responsible for operation and maintenance of all wastewater facilities owned by the city. This facility is responsible for the Publicly Owned Treatment Works, the wastewater collection system, the water quality lab and the recycled water utility. The Wastewater Collection Division is responsible for the management, operation, maintenance, and capacity assurance of the city of Roseville'ssanitary sewer collection system. The wastewater utility system encourages "living sewer smart." The city of Roseville informs its residents how to save their pipes and protect the sewer system. The three practices they encourage are to properly dispose of fats, oils, and grease; avoid disposable disinfectant wipes, baby wipes, and even "flushable" wipes; and not planting tree roots near sewer pipes.
Below is a great resource on living sewer smart: https://cityofroseville.hosted.civiclive.com/cms/One.aspx?portalId=7964922&pageId=9788336
Below is a great resource on living sewer smart: https://cityofroseville.hosted.civiclive.com/cms/One.aspx?portalId=7964922&pageId=9788336
Module 5.5 Campaign for Tap Water
Slogan: The difference is NOT drastic. DON'T use plastic.
Corporate companies have "manufactured" the need and demand for bottled water. Bottled water is comparable in quality to tap water. Neither the EPA or FDA certify bottled water (EPA, 2005). The EPA says that, "Whether it travels through a pipe to your home or comes packaged in a bottle, safe drinking water is essential to good health. All our drinking water comes from the similar sources, either from sources we can see, such as rivers and lakes, or from sources we can't see, such as underground aquifers."
Sources:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/2005_09_14_faq_fs_healthseries_bottledwater.pdf
Corporate companies have "manufactured" the need and demand for bottled water. Bottled water is comparable in quality to tap water. Neither the EPA or FDA certify bottled water (EPA, 2005). The EPA says that, "Whether it travels through a pipe to your home or comes packaged in a bottle, safe drinking water is essential to good health. All our drinking water comes from the similar sources, either from sources we can see, such as rivers and lakes, or from sources we can't see, such as underground aquifers."
Sources:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/2005_09_14_faq_fs_healthseries_bottledwater.pdf
Module 5.4 Consumer Confidence Report and Water Quality Report for Roseville, CA
Below is the Consumer Confidence Report and Water Quality Report for Roseville, CA.
The source of my drinking water comes from 3 primary sources. The first primary source of drinking water is the city of Roseville surface water. This surface water came from the snowmelt water of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and stored in Folsom Lake. The second source of drinking water comes from Placer County Water Agency's surface water, primarily a treatment plant in from the Yuba-Bear and American River watersheds. The third source of drinking water is a groundwater source that is used in cases of emergencies. This groundwater source is a six-aquifer storage and recovery facility.
According to the report, there are no violations of elevated levels of any substances as of 2017. Because I previously worked in an environmental lab that tested drinking water for Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, I am familiar with most of the chemicals present in this report. Chemicals I am not familiar with are Vanadium and Hexavalent Chromium. Surprisingly, high levels of Vanadium and Hexavalent Chromium are associated with a risk of cancer. However, according to toxnet.gov, the data in the toxicology profile of Vanadium is limited and under further review. Hexavalent Chromium has increased support from various agencies discussing its potential carcinogenicity. Hexavalent Chromium is classified as a D carcinogen by the oral route, not classifiable to human carcinogenicity, and classified as an A carcinogen by inhalation, a known human carcinogen.
I discovered that my own water quality falls under EPA and the State Water Resources Control Board's regulations. My family does own a water filter. We are primarily trying to filter out microorganisms and potentially unsafe waste and minerals that may result from pipes or other means. I very rarely drink bottled water. I know the environmental risk of the mass production of plastic. I only use bottled water if I am out of the country in an area that is known for unsafe tap water or if I forgot my own water container. If I do forget my own water container, I reuse the bottle for as long as I can.
Module 5.2 Public Health Importance of Clean Drinking Water
Potable water lies at the center of every aspect of our life. The purpose of the clean water act is to control and protect the quality of drinking water in the United States. It is our government's responsibility to maintain the public's health through standardized regulations. I have previously worked as a laboratory analyst in a water quality laboratory. Some laboratory tests I performed on drinking water samples are the presence of lead and metals, and turbidity. This module was interesting where I can see the public health policy side of this subject.
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1976 was passed in order to raise the standards and quality of drinking water in the United States. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996. To ensure our drinking water is safe, one of the major steps in protection is setting regulations on pollution. The act separates three distinct types of pollution into, point-source pollution, non-point source pollution, and infill material. Point-source pollution is created by discernable confined and discrete conveyance. Examples of point-source pollution are waste materials coming out from a factor or a sewage facility emitting wastes. An example of non-point-source pollution is runoff that comes from a diffused source, such as construction sites, parking lots, and other areas of sources. Infill material point is placing material in a wetland or other water sources for the purpose of creating dry land section. An example of the EPA regulation is that the SDWA makes it a federal crime to discharge from a point source without an explicit permit. Another example of the SDWA is the importance of regulatory testing to ensure that community water systems are responsible for the contaminants in water to not exceed standards.
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1976 was passed in order to raise the standards and quality of drinking water in the United States. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996. To ensure our drinking water is safe, one of the major steps in protection is setting regulations on pollution. The act separates three distinct types of pollution into, point-source pollution, non-point source pollution, and infill material. Point-source pollution is created by discernable confined and discrete conveyance. Examples of point-source pollution are waste materials coming out from a factor or a sewage facility emitting wastes. An example of non-point-source pollution is runoff that comes from a diffused source, such as construction sites, parking lots, and other areas of sources. Infill material point is placing material in a wetland or other water sources for the purpose of creating dry land section. An example of the EPA regulation is that the SDWA makes it a federal crime to discharge from a point source without an explicit permit. Another example of the SDWA is the importance of regulatory testing to ensure that community water systems are responsible for the contaminants in water to not exceed standards.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018
Module 4.6 Radon
In a previous course, I created an awareness campaign for Radon called, the "Breath Better" campaign.
Several studies have been conducted that demonstrate the apathy of population response to radon exposure. This apathy stems from two main causes; through the fact that most people don't know about the issue and the little amount that do, actually do not consider the radon risk as a public health concern (Molla & Wampler, 2017). To bridge this gap, I would center an awareness campaign on evicting an emotional response. However, individuals might find it off-putting to spend $800-$2500 on radon mitigation. This is an expensive investment and may hinder the target population's cue to action. As a result, the vision of the Breath Better Campaign is to increase the public knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived susceptibility. It is essential for the public to know that Radon is the second leading cause of cancer, and know radon gas occurrences and geographic distribution.
Some critical stakeholders I would include in this campaign are the American Lung Association and national government entities like the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The U.S. government has established a working action plan that is to span between 2015-2020, known as the Federal Radon Action Plan (FRAP). It would be of best interest to collaborate with FRAP or use FRAP as a resource for future Radon Prevention measures.
Several studies have been conducted that demonstrate the apathy of population response to radon exposure. This apathy stems from two main causes; through the fact that most people don't know about the issue and the little amount that do, actually do not consider the radon risk as a public health concern (Molla & Wampler, 2017). To bridge this gap, I would center an awareness campaign on evicting an emotional response. However, individuals might find it off-putting to spend $800-$2500 on radon mitigation. This is an expensive investment and may hinder the target population's cue to action. As a result, the vision of the Breath Better Campaign is to increase the public knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived susceptibility. It is essential for the public to know that Radon is the second leading cause of cancer, and know radon gas occurrences and geographic distribution.
Some critical stakeholders I would include in this campaign are the American Lung Association and national government entities like the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The U.S. government has established a working action plan that is to span between 2015-2020, known as the Federal Radon Action Plan (FRAP). It would be of best interest to collaborate with FRAP or use FRAP as a resource for future Radon Prevention measures.
Module 4.2 National Library ToxNet
The videos and lectures in the enviRN-Evidence program are insightful for my career development. Although I have taken pharmacology in the past, this program is an excellent course on toxicology with thorough examples of how to describe characteristics of toxic chemicals, identifying exposure, relevant legislature/policies, and prevention methods.
In this blog, I will discuss the toxicology of urea formaldehyde and bleach.
Urea Formaldehyde
Using, the National Library, ToxNet I was able to identify multiple health effects associated with urea formaldehyde. The most alarming health effects associated with urea formaldehyde is its carcinogenicity in humans. It is associated with cancers of the nasopharynx, sinonasal, and leukaemia. It classified as a Group B1 probable human carcinogen. This means that there is limited evidence in humans, and sufficient evidence in animals. Other acute effects of formaldehyde exposure are irritation in the eyes and upper respiratory system. These associations have also been shown in various animal studies.
Sodium Hypochlorite is the active ingredient in common bleach disinfectant solutions. Bleach is known for being a common household cleaner. In some households, it is diluted to diminish the smell and other common health hazards associated with bleach. The major toxicology affects are pain and irritation to exposure to sensitive areas, such as skin, mouth, upper respiratory system, and digestive system. Toxnet documents various excerpts that exemplify the toxicology of sodium hypochlorite exposure. The saddest story is of an 18 month old girl who swallowed a "few tablespoons" of liquid household bleach and passed away. This increases the importance of being mindful of the dangers of chlorine. This includes, keeping dangerous materials away from children, as well as being mindful and careful when using bleach. Protective wear is the most important protective measure when using bleach.
Toxnet is a great resource for a summary of the human health effects. It does an incredible job of summarizing hazardous materials and materials potential toxicity.
In this blog, I will discuss the toxicology of urea formaldehyde and bleach.
Urea Formaldehyde
Using, the National Library, ToxNet I was able to identify multiple health effects associated with urea formaldehyde. The most alarming health effects associated with urea formaldehyde is its carcinogenicity in humans. It is associated with cancers of the nasopharynx, sinonasal, and leukaemia. It classified as a Group B1 probable human carcinogen. This means that there is limited evidence in humans, and sufficient evidence in animals. Other acute effects of formaldehyde exposure are irritation in the eyes and upper respiratory system. These associations have also been shown in various animal studies.
Toxnet is a great resource for a summary of the human health effects. It does an incredible job of summarizing hazardous materials and materials potential toxicity.
Tuesday, September 11, 2018
Module 3.5 Transportation
Growing up in Lubbock, Texas public transportation was inefficient and rarely available. Although Lubbock does have a small bus system, other means of public transportation are essentially nonexistent. Most of my friends lived across town and would have to rely on cars as the primary rode of transportation. I only had a few friends who lived a reasonable biking distance away from me. It wasn't until I went to Austin, Texas where I relied on public transport, ridesharing, and walking as my modes of transportation. Fortunately, our tuition at the University of Texas in Austin paid for our bus fare during our tenure at the university. I primarily used the bus to run errands or such. I only had, at most, a fifteen-minute walk to campus during my time in Austin. Walking is obviously the most environmentally conscious means of transportation and it was refreshing to get that morning fresh air on the way to my dreaded 8 am class.
It wasn't until my adventures in Europe in I experienced subways and trains. I personally enjoyed commuting via subway to get to my destinations. My favorite public transport was in Copenhagen, Denmark. With one pass, an individual was able to use the train, metro, buses, and harbor buses to one's desired destination. The public transport system was very clean, environmentally conscious, friendly, and relatively cheap.
It wasn't until my adventures in Europe in I experienced subways and trains. I personally enjoyed commuting via subway to get to my destinations. My favorite public transport was in Copenhagen, Denmark. With one pass, an individual was able to use the train, metro, buses, and harbor buses to one's desired destination. The public transport system was very clean, environmentally conscious, friendly, and relatively cheap.
Module 3.4 Air Pollution
For this module, instead of analyzing Placer County, I wanted to investigate my hometown of Lubbock, TX (Lubbock County). According to scorecard.goodguide.com, here are the following results with regards to air pollution:
As you can see, in the results above, only 2 percent of houses in Lubbock County have a high risk of lead hazards, and Lubbock County does not have any Superfund Sites. Superfund Sites are waste disposal sites that are designated by the EPA to be hazardous to human health or the environment. The air quality of Lubbock is ranked the dirtiest/worst 10% of all counties in the U.S.
The area has extremely high Carbon Monoxide emissions, Nitrogen Oxides emissions PM-2.5 emissions, PM10 emissions, and Volatile Organic Compound emissions compared to the rest of the counties in the U.S.
The following are the top polluters and top chemicals in the county:
This isn't too big of a surprise due to the prominence of the cotton industry in Lubbock County. Pyco Industries Inc and Southern Cotton Oil are substantial cotton mills in the area. After some research, I have found that n-hexane is a chemical used to extract certain oils from crops (such as cotton). The mills are also responsible for the poor air quality in such that the cotton mills release Carbon Monoxide emissions, Nitrogen Oxides emissions PM-2.5 emissions, PM10 emissions, and Volatile Organic Compound.
On the bright side, Lubbock County has comparatively one of the cleanest water quality in the United States. I know that the primary source of drinking water for Lubbock County is the Ogalala Aquifer. This vast Aquifer runs as far north as North Dakota to the Panhandle of Texas. Its width covers Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico up until South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma.
Regarding Environmental Justice, Lubbock County's report shows enormous disparities in particularly the Distribution by Race/Ethnicity "Facilities Emitting Criteria Air Pollutants." There is a 12.90 ratio for people of color vs white in "Facilities Emitting Criteria Air Pollutants." This ratio is alarmingly high and I am curious to see why this is. Other categories have ratios ranging from 1.0 to 3.64, across the board.
Module 3.3 Environmental Justice
The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines environmental justice as,
"Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. EPA has this goal for all communities and persons across this Nation. It will be achieved when everyone enjoys the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards and equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work.”
For me, the foundations of environmental justice are built upon a population's social determinants of health. These unequal social determinants of health may result in the unequal implementation and enforcement of environmental laws within a given community.
After reading Environmentalism Was Once a Social Justice: It Can Be Again by Jedediah Purdy (https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/how-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul/509831/), this powerful editorial showed the roots of environmentalism and provided powerful examples of environmental justice. This quotation sums up what Environmental Justice means for me, "In this movement, for more than a century, activists and scholars have been engaging the themes of fairness, inequality, and political and economic power in the human environment" (Purdy, 2016). This shows the connectivity among so many different entities that constitute our environment. The examples that Purdy exhibit, from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson to Robert Marshall, show the lack of accountability in the United States in these different entities.
The article 8 Horrifying Examples of Corporations Mistreating Black Communities With Environmental Racism by Nick Chiles (https://atlantablackstar.com/2015/02/12/8-horrifying-examples-of-corporations-mistreating-black-communities-with-environmental-racism/) show the lack of accountability and, even more horrifying, the undeniably preventable factors that play into unequal social determinants of health. Whether the policies or practices that target individuals below the policy or practice are intentional or unintentional, the examples provided were astonishing and left me flabbergasted. Particular the example of "The Tragedy of Chester, Pennsylvania show the inexcusable and completely preventable issue of proper disposal. To have the seventh largest garbage-burning incinerators right next to residential areas and public spaces absolutely left me speechless and infuriated. As a future public health professional, examples like this give me drive and purpose to go make a change.
"Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. EPA has this goal for all communities and persons across this Nation. It will be achieved when everyone enjoys the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards and equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work.”
For me, the foundations of environmental justice are built upon a population's social determinants of health. These unequal social determinants of health may result in the unequal implementation and enforcement of environmental laws within a given community.
After reading Environmentalism Was Once a Social Justice: It Can Be Again by Jedediah Purdy (https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/how-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul/509831/), this powerful editorial showed the roots of environmentalism and provided powerful examples of environmental justice. This quotation sums up what Environmental Justice means for me, "In this movement, for more than a century, activists and scholars have been engaging the themes of fairness, inequality, and political and economic power in the human environment" (Purdy, 2016). This shows the connectivity among so many different entities that constitute our environment. The examples that Purdy exhibit, from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson to Robert Marshall, show the lack of accountability in the United States in these different entities.
The article 8 Horrifying Examples of Corporations Mistreating Black Communities With Environmental Racism by Nick Chiles (https://atlantablackstar.com/2015/02/12/8-horrifying-examples-of-corporations-mistreating-black-communities-with-environmental-racism/) show the lack of accountability and, even more horrifying, the undeniably preventable factors that play into unequal social determinants of health. Whether the policies or practices that target individuals below the policy or practice are intentional or unintentional, the examples provided were astonishing and left me flabbergasted. Particular the example of "The Tragedy of Chester, Pennsylvania show the inexcusable and completely preventable issue of proper disposal. To have the seventh largest garbage-burning incinerators right next to residential areas and public spaces absolutely left me speechless and infuriated. As a future public health professional, examples like this give me drive and purpose to go make a change.
Module 3.1 Biomonitoring
Wednesday, September 5, 2018
Module 2.4 Personal Care Products
In this module, we examine these two videos on personal care products that put into context on the realities of toxins and hazards that "every-day" Americans may face on a daily basis. The first video is a video by Sarada Tangirala and the Breast Cancer Prevention Partners and the second video is a presentation by Ken Cook and the Environmental Working Group.
In the Safe Cosmetics 101 video, Tangirala highlights the importance of being mindful when shopping for cosmetics. Tangirala's example of Triclosan in handsoap resonated with me. Tangirala discussed that "plain soap and water" is good enough and that in-fact Triclosan can create specifically-resistant bacteria. Another important message that I took away from this video was the description of "Fragrance." As I mentioned in my previous blog post, "Fragrance" was a high-hazardous material found in the Jack Black All-Over Wash for Face, Hair & Body. A surprising fact to me was that "Fragrance" can be a substitute for "dozens to even hundreds" chemicals that do not have to be disclosed. This lack of transparency was alarming to me.
In the Ken Cook presentation, a quote that surprised me was comparing evidence of health hazards in industrial chemicals to "silent pandemics." This quotation from Lancet (2008) and the visual emphasis had a profound effect on me. The comparison with "stacking pancakes" was interesting and put the environmental risks in perspective. Ken Cook's call to action to make advances in removing hazardous material off of the market was inspirational and relatable. The Kid-Safe Chemicals Act is used to highlight this call to action through safety reviews, bans, and phase-outs. I personally like that the Kid-Safe Chemicals Act presume that chemicals found in umbilical cord blood are unsafe.
Reference:
Breast Cancer Prevention Partners - BCPP. (2013, March 20). Safe Cosmetics 101 [Video File]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-Ee_alZJJw
Environmental Working Group. (2012, July 23). "10 Americans" by Environmental Working Group [Video File]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-kc3AIM_LU
Module 2.3 Common Household Products
In this blog post, I will discuss my houses two most used household cleaning products, and it's relative toxicity and potentially hazardous ingredients, Fantastik, Scrubbing Bubbles All Purpose Cleaner, Bleach 5-in-1, and Lysol, All Purpose Cleaner 4-in-1, Lemon Scent. These two all-purpose cleaners are used for most surfaces around the house. Lysol is used more frequently for cleaning on various surfaces, from kitchen countertops to tables. Fantastik is used for heavy duty and deep-cleaning when needed.
I was not surprised to see that the Fantastik received a serious HMIS rating. Due to bleach (sodium hypochlorite) being an active ingredient. Bleach is a common household irritant and should be used with caution. Gloves are necessary when cleaning utilizing this solution due to its properties of irritating the skin.
Lysol received a "moderate/2" rating in the HIMS scale. This moderate rating is due to the irritant properties.
I, personally, was relieved to find that neither the Fantastik nor the Lysol are carcinogenic or have carcinogenic properties due to inhalation. The National Library of Medicine's Household Products Database is easy to use and I will encourage my friends and family members to check common household items for possible toxicity or the possibilities of various health hazards. Although these products warn us of possible health hazards, The National Library of Medicine's Household Products Database allows consumers to investigate further into the formulas of the products if further information is needed.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)